Extraction of highly hydrophilic compounds from biological fluids including urine or plasma samples is a
dilemma due to high hydrophilicity of the matrix itself. The main aim of the current work is to explore the
competence of ionic liquid (IL)-based surfactant-coated mineral oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in dispersive solidphase microextraction (d-SPME) of highly hydrophilic analytes taking cefoperazone (CPZ) as a model analyte for the study. The IL-based surfactant coated Fe3O4 NPs is utilized as an innovative adsorbent for the separation and pre-concentration of CPZ after intramuscular injection (I.M) in rabbits. The utilized magnetite NPs were synthesized via simple and reliable co-precipitation procedure, which doesn’t require any air-free environment and depends on a single iron (III) salt. Characterization of the as-synthesized NPs was achieved by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Surface area measurements show that Fe3O4 NPs have large surface area of 75 m2 g- 1. The developed approach utilizes the unique properties of the IL-based surfactant including multiple polar interaction types provided by the polar head in addition to merits of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which include large adsorptive capacity and magnetic properties, to improve separation, save time, and achieve satisfactory recovery. Comprehensive study was developed for the factors, that affect the adsorption capacity such as pH, NPs amount, IL-based surfactant concentration, ionic strength, adsorption time, and desorption conditions. Moreover, the adsorption data was fitted to Langmuir and second-order kinetic models as reflected by the reasonable determination coefficients of 0.9319 and 0.9726, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the developed approach achieves good correlation coefficient of 0.9975, and 0.9981 over linearity range of 0.7–12.0 and 4.0–50.0 µg mL- 1 for both CPZ standard solutions and spiked rabbit plasma, respectively. It also provides good sensitivity expressed by the low values of limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 and 1.2 µg mL- 1 and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.7 and 4.0 µg mL- 1 for both the  standard solutions and spiked plasma, respectively. The developed approach was also applied successfully for monitoring CPZ in rabbit plasma samples with satisfactory recovery % (83–110). In addition, a detailed pharmacokinetic study is performed where pharmacokinetic parameters of CPZ in rabbit plasma samples were
calculated.
 

Dry eye disease (DED), keratoconjunctivitis sicca or dysfunctional tear syndrome, is the most prevalent
ophthalmic disease which affects a substantial segment of people worldwide with increasing frequency. It is
considered a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film, characterized by a variation of signs and
symptoms. The symptoms range from mild to severe itching, burning, irritation, eye fatigue, and ocular
inflammation that may lead to potential damage to the cornea, conjunctiva and even vision loss. Correspondingly,
depending on the different manifestations and pathophysiology, the treatment must be tailored specifically
to each patient by targeting the specific mechanisms implicated in their disease. Currently, there are several
medical products and techniques available or under investigation for the treatment of DED. The present article
focused on the pathophysiology of DED, the new diagnostic approach and the recently developed drug delivery
systems or devices reducing the progress of the disease and treating the causes.

This work aimed to optimize a celecoxib (CXB)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) colon delivery system for the enhancement of anticancer activity. An ultrasonic melt-emulsification method was employed in this work for the preparation of SLN. The physical attributes were characterized for their particle sizes, charges, morphology, and entrapment efficiency (%EE), in addition to DSC and FTIR. The in vitro drug release profiles were evaluated, and the anticancer activity was examined utilizing an MTT assay in three cancer cell lines: the colon cancer HT29, medulloblastoma Daoy, and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. All of the prepared SLN formulations had nanoscale particle sizes ranging from 238 nm to 757 nm. High zeta-potential values (mv) within −30 s mv were reported. The %EE was in the range 86.76–96.6%. The amorphous nature of the SLN-entrapped CXB was confirmed from SLN DSC thermograms. The in vitro release profile revealed a slow constant rate of release with no burst release, which is unusual for SLN. Both the F9 and F14 demonstrated almost complete CXB release within 24 h, with only 25% completed within the first 5 h. F9 caused a significant percentage of cell death in the three cancer cell lines tested after 24 h of incubation and maintained this effect for 72 h. The prepared CXB-loaded SLN exhibited unique properties such as slow release with no burst and a high %EE. The anticancer activity of one formulation was extremely significant in all tested cancer cell lines at all incubation times, which is very promising.

A series of hybridized pyrrolidine compounds with a 1,2,4‐oxadiazole moiety were synthesized to develop effective molecules against the enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV). Compounds 8–20 were developed based on a previously disclosed series of compounds from our lab, but with small structural modifications in the hopes of increasing the compounds' biological activity. In comparison to novobiocin, with IC₅₀ = 170 nM, the findings of the DNA gyrase inhibitory assay revealed that compounds 16 and 17 were the most potent of all synthesized derivatives, with IC₅₀ values of 180 and 210 nM, respectively. Compound 17 had the strongest inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli Topo IV of all the synthesized compounds, with an IC₅₀ value of 13 µM, which was comparable to novobiocin (IC₅₀ = 11 µM). Therefore, hybrids 16 and 17 appeared to be potential dual‐target inhibitors. In the …

Throughout decades, the intrinsic power of the immune system to fight pathogens has inspired researchers to develop techniques that enable the prevention or treatment of infections via boosting the immune response against the target pathogens, which has led to the evolution of vaccines. The recruitment of Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as either vaccine delivery platforms or immunogenic modalities has witnessed a breakthrough recently, which has been crowned with the development of effective LNPs-based vaccines against COVID-19. In the current article, we discuss some principles of such a technology, with a special focus on the technical aspects from a translational perspective. Representative examples of LNPs-based vaccines against cancer, COVID-19, as well as other infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and allergies are highlighted, considering the challenges and promises. Lastly, the key features that can improve the clinical translation of this area of endeavor are inspired.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) play a vital role in various cellular incidents such as the proliferation and death of cells during carcinogenesis. Hence, regulation of these biomarkers could be a promising tool for controlling tumor progression using nanoformulations. Silver nanoparticles-poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (AgNPs-PVP) were prepared using the reduction of silver nitrate and stabilized with PVP. They are characterized through yield percentage, UV-VIS, FT-IR, size, charge, and morphology. The obtained AgNPs were tested for anticancer activity against prostate cancer (PC 3) and human skin fibroblast (HFS) cell lines. Moreover, biomarker-based confirmations like TNF-α and IL-6 were estimated. The synthesized AgNPs-PVP were stable, spherical in shape, with particle sizes of 122.33 ± 17.61 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.49 ± 0.07, and a negative surface charge of −19.23 ± 0.61 mV. In vitro cytotoxicity testing showed the AgNPs-PVP exhibited antiproliferation properties in PC3 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, when compared to control cells, AgNPs-PVP has lower TNF-α with a significant value (); the value reached 16.84 ± 0.71 pg/ml versus 20.81 ± 0.44 pg/ml, respectively. In addition, HSF cells showed a high level of reduction () in IL-6 production. This study suggested that AgNPs-PVP could be a possible therapeutic agent for human prostate cancer and anti-IL-6 in cancerous and noncancerous cells. Further studies will be performed to investigate the effect of AgNPs-PVP in different types of cancer.

Urinary catheter infections remain an issue for many patients and can complicate their health status, especially for individuals who require long-term catheterization. Catheters can be colonized by biofilm-forming bacteria resistant to the administered antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized with different polymeric materials generated via a one-step simple coating technique for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation on urinary catheters. AgNPs were prepared and characterized to confirm their formation and determine their size, charge, morphology, and physical stability. Screening of the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticle formulations and determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and their cytotoxicity against PC3 cells were performed. Moreover, the antibiofilm activity and efficacy of the AgNPs coated on the urinary catheters under static and flowing conditions were examined against a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. The results showed that the investigated polymers could form physically stable AgNPs, especially those prepared using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and ethyl cellulose (EC). Preliminary screening and MIC determinations suggested that the AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP had superior antibacterial effects against E. coli. AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP inhibited biofilm formation to 58.2% and 50.8% compared with AgNPs-PEG, silver nitrate solution and control samples. In addition, coating urinary catheters with AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP at concentrations lower than the determined IC50 values significantly (p < 0.05; t-test) inhibited bacterial biofilm formation compared with noncoated catheters under both static and static and flowing conditions using two different types of commercial Foley urinary catheters. The data obtained in this study provide evidence that AgNP-coated EC and PVP could be useful as potential antibacterial and antibiofilm catheter coating agents to prevent the development of urinary tract infections caused by E. coli.